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by Russell Powell
Archbishop Peter Jensen's Christmas Message 2011 on the centrality of Jesus to human history
Blasphemy in Australia?
Michael Jensen
April 27th, 2009

Last week's interesting encounter with the secular media over Jerry Springer the Opera made me think about blasphemy. Specifically - is it possible to blaspheme against secular culture?
In the ancient world, the first Christians were accused of impiety. The records of the interrogations of the martyrs contain this accusation. Despite the Christians protesting that in fact they were dutiful citizens in good standing with everybody, they could not go forward and sacrifice to the Emperor in order to maintain the peace.

That is to say: their lack of worshipful regard for those spirits that were held to be the guarantors of social order and agricultural fruitfulness caused their neighbours (or at least their governors) to worry very much. The Christian writer Tertullian famously joked:

If the Tiber rises so high it floods the walls, or the Nile so low it doesn’t flood the fields, if the earth opens, or the heavens don’t, if there is famine, if there is plague, instantly the howl goes up, "The Christians to the lion!" What, all of them? to a single lion?

That Christians were charged with atheism was another way of describing their evident impiety. They were rocking the boat.

Contemporary secularism has its own version of piety, too. American philosopher Jeffrey Stout has made a study of the development of a democratic 'piety', following in the tradition of such political writers as Burke and Emerson. He defines piety in these terms:

Piety ... is not to be understood primarily as a feeling, expressed in acts of devotion, but rather as a virtue, a morally excellent aspect of character. It consists in just or appropriate response to the sources of one’s existence and progress through life. Family, political community, the natural world, and God are all said to be sources on which we depend, sources to be acknowledged appropriately.

As Stout sees it, there is still today a properly socially-oriented piety, even in secular societies: that 'just or appropriate response to the sources of one's existence and progress'. This response may be completely non-religious.

That does not mean that acknowledgement of and gratitude for the sources of one's existence is any less pious, however.

For example: the great concepts that are held to bind our society together - freedom of speech, human rights, freedom of/from religion, equality and so on ¬- need to be treated with due regard. We are to treat them with reverence, we might say. They can even be sung about. For we are young and free.

The way in which that nebulous thing called 'the environment' has assumed almost fundamental moral significance is evidence of the same thing.

The alarm of our contemporaries at the possibility of religious martyrdom can be read as another form of this accusation of blasphemy, or of impiety. To be prepared to die for one's religious faith is a terrible blasphemy against the preciousness and fragility of human life. It apparently shows flagrant disregard for the goodness of life in the natural world. It cuts off the possibility human fulfillment. It shows far too deep a disregard for good and just order, and promotes tribalism. As 20th century thinker E.M. Cioran wrote,

“Great persecutors are recruited among martyrs whose heads haven't been cut off.”

The precious and precarious civil peace attained by democratic societies is threatened by those who so blatantly refuse to hold their metaphysical commitments at arm's length. Further, religious believers stand accused of an avoidance of the harshness of reality - of dying in denial, in other words.

That's blasphemy to a 'T'.isn't it?

 

Jeremy Halcrow    28 April 2009 3:04am
Where does the sacredness of 'sacrifice' honoured as part of the ANZAC tradition/myth fit in here?

Does 'nationalistic' martyrdom still have some currency?

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Simon Godden    28 April 2009 3:37am
I'm not so sure that "our contemporaries" (by which I assume you mean the world at large) are so much alarmed at religious martyrdom per se, but rather the alarm comes, I think quite rightly, at self-martyrdom. I think there is still a healthy respect for those who are put to death for their belief by others, but there exists a disdainful disregard for those who take their own lives for their beliefs, and often take the lives of others with them.

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Michael Jensen    28 April 2009 4:12am
Jeremy - yes I think the growth in the ANZAC tradition in recent years is fascinating. In the 1970s it was really seen as quite a dubious thing to be seen to be celebrating or honouring war. But now... not so much.

I think the sacrifice is honoured, but it is not mimiced. Though we talk about them 'giving their lives' we talk of the men as if they were the victims of incompetence and malevolence rather than as willing martyrs. If they were willing, then perhaps they might be tainted by the guilt of having enjoyed war and killing too much. What I am trying to say is that there is quite a bit of myth-making going on! We have also lost the talk of what their sacrifice was for. For one's country? Hmmm, that talk is rather compromised...

Simon - in my doctoral research I tried to argue (perhaps unconvincingly!) that the line between self-martyrdom (the suicide bomber) and the martyr have become blurred in the secular perception. So, I would challenge that sense of healthy respect. Salman Rushdie for example talks about martyrs as if they are duped by religious authorities/teachers.

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Roger Gallagher    29 April 2009 2:32am
Hi Mike,

With the atomisation of society, I suspect that what might be blasphemy to one section of society isn't to another. For the inner-city types where you live, "blasphemy" would be to suggest that there are limits to artistic freedom. This wouldn't be a problem for the farmers in my home town. Yet tell your stock & station agent that the truck can't come on Sunday morning to pick up the lambs you've sold because you'll be at church, and people will soon be gossiping about what a religious nutter you are.

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Michael Jensen    29 April 2009 3:59am
Well, that's a great comment. Notice that your version of 'atomisation' is really given in terms of communities.. I think this is right. We have a plurality of communities that speak to one another in ways that make sense but we have a great difficulty in communication between communities.

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David McKay    29 April 2009 5:14am
Do you think all of those young people who go misty-eyed about Anzac Day also support the idea of protecting our country and serving in the military? Seems to me that many young people are pacifists and can't relate to there ever being a legitimate reason for war, horrible though it is.

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Michael Jensen    29 April 2009 5:22am
I wouldn't want to be too harsh. If they are genuine pacificists, then that is far better than the bellicosity of other cultures. What I think you are saying is that there is a kind of selfish pacificism at work: I am opposed to war for no other reason than that I can't think of anything worth dying for.

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Michael Canaris    29 April 2009 6:14am
While I'm not exactly particularly keen on Anzac Day (which I reckon detracts from Armistice Day) or joining our Forces, I rather like the idea of spending milliards on shiny ships, planes, tanks and other whiz-bang gadgets for them.

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Chris Pettett    29 April 2009 8:09am
I wonder if saying "we look for the resurrection of the dead" in an ANZAC memorial service would also be considered blasphemous, considering the point is that the fallen should live on in memory.

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David McKay    29 April 2009 9:54am
I'm not calling people selfish at all, Michael. I think that many young people have not really thought this through.

And many Christian young people don't know their Bibles and so can't use this knowledge to inform their thinking on war and peace.

I also cringe at the warlike nature of some evangelicals, reminding me of an old sketch on The Naked Vicar Show:

Announcer: And now a word from the RSL:

RSL geezer: WWWAARR!

Announcer: Why?

RSL geezer: WHY NOT!!

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Michael Jensen    29 April 2009 1:42pm
I am not sure mentioning the resurrection would be considered blasphemous, but it would certainly stick out like a sore thumb!

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Chris Pettett    29 April 2009 10:38pm
It, the resurrection, certanly gives much needed hope to people long greiving.

I have an idea for a story where an ANZAC comes back from the dead after 90 years and visits his brother / wife etc who never moved on from their death. The greiving relative will say something like: "you should be dead! You're an imposter... my only memory of you is dying for this country!" etc.

I couched my previous comment in this context. Certainly the ANZAC "myth" is quite profound in this country at the moment.

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Michael Jensen    29 April 2009 10:42pm
In and after the 1914-18 War the language of martyrdom was applied to the sacrifice of the young men who died for England on the battlefield. Using this language no doubt brought great comfort to the bereaved. In particular, the text that features again and again in memorials is John 15:13: ‘greater love hath no man than this’. A well-known hymn from the period, ‘O Valiant Hearts’ by Sir John Arkwright, makes the connection between patriotism and religion explicit:

Still stands his Cross from that dread hour to this,
like some bright star above the dark abyss;
still, through the veil, the Victor's pitying eyes
look down to bless our lesser Calvaries.

These were his servants, in his steps they trod,
following through death the martyred Son of God:
Victor, he rose; victorious too shall rise
they who have drunk his cup of sacrifice.

Could we - would we - sing that today?

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Jeremy Halcrow    30 April 2009 1:36am
no way. This is syncretism confusing british nationalism and 'Christendom'.

As you probably know Michael - the philosopher Charles Taylor argues that it was this confused nationalistic religiosity that caused C of E membership to collapse in the spiritual crisis that marked the Great War. We saw a much bigger decline in Anglican church going in the 1920s than in the 1970s.

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Michael Jensen    30 April 2009 1:39am
Yeah - seems weird to us now. Not then, though!

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Grant Hayes    30 April 2009 1:42am
Jeremy,

Good call, sir.

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Michael Canaris    30 April 2009 1:58am
That sort of thing is wider than the CoE or our Communion, though (I seem to vaguely recall having sung said hymn in my earlier years at Redfield.)

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Grant Hayes    30 April 2009 2:15am
Michael,

Thanks for bringing the Arkwright verse to the table. It's a perfect illustration of the blurring of distinctions between atonement and military misadventure. This confusion still prevails today, I think, in popular perceptions of Australians-at-war.

The first verse could be from any hymn. It's the second that's really disturbing.

I note that the notion of *sacrifice* is still deployed gratuitously in Anzac commemorative contexts, anointing bloody waste with sacred resonance.

It grieves me that, in many minds, carnage somehow crowns/seals/confirms *national identity*. And it grieves me that Christian terms have been press-ganged to serve this savage illusion.

I remember hearing the phrase *futility of war* a lot on Anzac and Armistice days when I was a child (25-30 years ago). It seems to be used less these days. Anzac's trajectory is turning increasingly toward a sort of naive triumphalism, methinks.

I applaud any efforts by Christians to extricate Christian language from this disturbing *syncretism*, as Jeremy terms it. I think the fusion of Christianity and Nation/Empire is a particularly toxic one, for both parties.

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David McKay    30 April 2009 3:55am
Michael Jensen, on the wall of the school our church meets in is a big sign with long lists of folk who died in the services [was that the morning or evening service, as the joke says] with the banner

For God, King and Country

I don't think too many Aussie servicepeople think they are doing it for god.

But at the few Anzac services I've attended one of the speakers usually says words to the effect that those who have fought in the wars have gained entry to heaven by doing so. This is one of the things that really puts me off Anzac services.

But I don't think pacifist prayers at church on the Sunday near Anzac Day are appropriate either.

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Michael Canaris    30 April 2009 11:00am
A well-known hymn from the period, ‘O Valiant Hearts’ by Sir John Arkwright, makes the connection between patriotism and religion explicit:
...
Could we - would we - sing that today?
With the exception of the line "Your memory hallowed in the land you loved", I don't see any explicit national implications therein. If anything, I'd have thought that controversy surrounding that hymn would pertain more to the question of whether listeners infer that supererogatory merit is derived from those stipulated 'lesser Calvaries.'

Also, as a tangent from my dim recollection of Chris Moroney's sermon at Evening Prayer earlier tonight, it seems there might perchance be some manner whereby we're exhorted to 'lesser Calvaries.'

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Michael Jensen    30 April 2009 9:28pm
The idea of being those who 'offer your bodies as a living sacrifice' in echoing Christ's death is of course entirely Biblical. This being expressed by bloody martyrdom is inextracibly linked with the earliest moments of the Christian tradition. So theologically that aspect isn't a problem necessarily. Which is a way of saying 'Chris Moroney is right', (of course).

However, unlike Islam, Christianity has not usually offered the status of martyr to those who died in the field of battle. There were exceptions of course: the Crusades being among them (though even then there was a recognition that the soldiers needed forgiveness for their acts in war - they were not sanctifying deeds in and of themselves).

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